Why Is the Initial Consultation Important Essay Example for Free

Why Is the Initial Consultation Important Essay In this essay I intend to discuss why an initial consultation is so important, before delivering any hypnotherapy to a new client. I also will look at the ethical factors a therapist should cover at the time of the initial consultation. Prior to any course of hypnotherapy with a new client a reputable therapist would want to learn more about the person that has presented before them. This would be done with an initial consultation. It could be said that this initial consultation would be free of charge and last around half an hour. Some however, would say that you are giving half an hour of your time free of charge. Although my thoughts are that it would make clearer sense to not charge as a client would not feel that their time with a therapist was being wasted by a therapist just asking questions. (Although how this was advertised should be looked into very carefully as stated in (module 3 worksheet), the words â€Å"free consultations?† could be open to misinterpretation were the words â€Å"free initial consultation!† is clearer and states exactly what is offered). There are a number of aims of the initial consultation. The most obvious reason for this would be to give the chance to meet a client face to face. Also a therapist would at this time be able to ensure that the client would benefit from hypnotherapy and indeed that hypnotherapy is the right course of action for that individual case. Also this gives the opportunity to gather as much information as possible about the prospective clients and the reason they have decided to undertake hypnotherapy. It is important that the reasons they are there are fully understood for example someone that wishes to stop smoking must have an incentive to why they are seeking hypnotherapy to help them quit. This should be investigated fully! are they there because people are nagging them to stop? Are they there because they themselves have reasons to want to stop? Perhaps they see smoking as unhealthy for them and those around them partner, children etc. The therapist should always dig deeper perhaps find out if there are anytime’s that they smoke more cigarettes. It could be that when that person gets stressed for a particular reason they smo ke more as a  way of dealing with it. This will influence the hypnotic suggestion during the therapy. â€Å"A suggestion is a communication by the hypnotist to the subject and, as with any communication; it is intended to alter the recipient’s feelings, thoughts and behaviour in a specified way.†(Pg 3, Heap Dryden.) During this the therapist can also discover the reason why the client has thought that hypnotherapy will help them. In addition the therapist is also establishing if they themselves have the skills to help the client. A therapist would also have the opportunity during this consultation to gather other information such as medications? Are they on medication if so what and what is it for. Perhaps they suffer from depression! With such a condition it would be prudent if this has not already been sought to gain the permission of their doctor before a course of treatment commences. (This of course depends upon the skills and experience of the therapist. There are some mental illnesses that should not be treated by hypnotherapy such as Bi-polar disorders etc(Heap and Dryden) There are other conditions and illnesses that could also present an issue with using hypnotherapy as a treatment and again would probably need permission from a Dr before any commencement of treatment. Modality an individual’s modality can also be assessed at this time this would help with the selection of an appropriate style of screed for any treatment. There are many other avenues of questioning during this initial consultation. However, I would like us to assume that we have followed all lines of question that we feel appropriate during the initial consultation and all is well and a therapist decides that the client will benefit from hypnotherapy. Let us also assume that the client has presented to us with a very low self esteem issue! For the purpose of this Essay and descriptive demonstration we shall call our client Jane. During the initial consultation it was established that Jane is going for a new job that would mean a promotion and more responsibility and to her surprise she managed to get the job because it is with her existing employer and her immediate boss recommended her for the new post. Jane however feels she is not capable of fulfilling the new role and feels more secure doing what she is doing right now as she knows that job inside out and is good at it. The new job has more responsibility and she would also be in charge of other members of staff. During the consultation it was established that Jane feels that she is not much good at  anything. What Jane has shown a therapist is that she has learnt this behaviour from somewhere? A little bit of digging into her past may establish why Jane feels this way. This sort of feeling is trapped within the subconscious mind and is brought across to her conscious mind. During further questioning it is established that Jane when she was younger was the middle child of three. Her parents would show more attention to the other children and praise them for achievements more than they would Jane. Jane recalls them saying on many occasions that she is useless and should be more like her siblings as she won’t amount to anything!!! This has presented Jane with a negative belief in her subconscious that in turn has made her believe that she is indeed useless. With the prospect of the new job role and promotion she believes she won’t be able to do the new role. Despite her current boss believing she can. Jane’s conscious mind is hearing her boss say you would be ideal for the job therefore we have a conflict. We now thanks to the initial consultation know where we should begin to help Jane with her self-esteem. To work with the positive aspects such as her bosses confidence in her and the fact that she herself admits to being good at her present job. It can be safely assumed that Jane was not born doing that job and indeed had to learn to do it. Also to work at the root or the negative beliefs she has that where placed into her subconscious by her parents during her childhood experiences. None of this could have been achieved if we did not have an initial consultation. Had Jane had just come along to a therapist and said I have low self-esteem. The Therapist says ok â€Å"Now close your eyes† Well nothing would be achieved â€Å"unless a total fluke†. Therefore this demonstrates the importance of the initial consultation. An ethical Therapist during this consultation would also look at other factors while deciding if a course of hypnotherapy will benefit and what course of action to take. A client that presented to you although had unrealistic expectations. This is a client who would otherwise be a good subject for treatment, but has the view that Hypnotherapy is a magic cure all. A patient such as this may seek hypnosis as a form of treatment because he has already tried a series of unsuccessful therapies. He is looking for something quick and easy. Even though hypnosis often works more rapidly than other forms of treatment, it cannot be expected to accomplish the impossible. (pg 280 Hypnosis for change Hadley and Staudacher) To inform a client that  everything is possible when it would not be would be a lie and would shadow doubt on the ethics of a therapist. An example would be a therapist that is presented with a client and the client wants a therapist to get rid of the strong feelings she has for her ex boyfriend and believes that the therapist can make her hate him rather than love him. This would be impossible. Even if during hypnosis the client did hate her ex boyfriend it would not be possible to continue into waking Hypnosis and this is due to a separation between our subconscious and our conscious minds this is known as the CCF (Conscious Critical Faculty) The CCF is a sort of filter. For example I could say that the grass is blue but you actually know it is not blue it is indeed green. That is because your conscious mind has the ability to be critical of suggestion therefore I could say the grass is Blue until I was blue in the face. You however, would know it was Green. Although I could suggest this under hypnosis and you would probably think the grass was blue until you where no longer under hypnosis because you’re conscious mind and the CCF would say once again it is Green. Therefore we could not change or do the impossible and it would be totally un-ethical to even attempt to proclaim to be able to do this just to secure a client. The most important ethical consideration a therapist should bare mind to is to be realistic with the therapists own ability as to take on something that clearly is beyond the therapists skills or remit could lead to MISAPPLICATION That is using the wrong treatment stemming largely from failure to diagnose correctly during the initial consultation. For example, A common request for anyone who employs hypnotic techniques in therapy, is for help of chronic pain, pain suppression or pain management and increased tolerance is readily achieved with a good proportion of people who make such a request. The potential then exists for the sufferer to learn to mask the symptom of the disorder which if progressive or life threatening, may place him or her in danger- at least of not seeking appropriate diagnosis and treatment until the disorder is too advanced to be treated. (pg 187 Heap and Dryden). Therefore if the therapist is using a good ethical practice during the initial consultation He or She will know their limitation and abilities. Other ethical issues that should be adhered to not only at the time of the initial consultation are laid out by the National Hypnotherapy society and to cover some of these in brief. That a therapist should not hold  discrimination towards anyone based upon their Religion, gender, sexuality, politics, disability, age, marital status. It is important that when a client asks a question pertaining to their treatment and their goals that a therapist answers the question as fully and accurately as possible if an answer is not known then to make something up would be a big mistake that could hold serious consequences. Therefore a therapist should endeavour to find an accurate answer. This would not undermine the client’s faith in a therapist if done correctly. For example that is something I would have to investigate further however I should have an answer for you in a day or two perhaps I could call you or we can speak at our next session. No lies have been told and the client is still happy. An Ethical practice puts the clients Welfare at the forefront and offers a service with respect, dignity and understanding. (Code of Ethics the National Hypnotherapy Society). Bibliography. Hypnosis for Change. 3rd edit. Hadley and Staudacher. Hypnotherapy (a handbook) Heap and Dryden. National Hypnotherapy society (code of ethics) British association of counsellors and psychotherapists (code of Ethics)

Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry :: Roll of Thunder Hear My Cry Essays

Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry In Mildred Taylor's enthralling novel, Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry, the Logan family serves as an excellent model of family values and self worth. In the face of racial and economic adversities, Mama and Papa Logan provide their children with the important lessons they need to be successful in life. First, the Logan children; Stacey, Cassie, Little Man, and Christopher-John, learn to be persistent and determined. Next, the children acquire the knowledge of caring for each other. Last, they become able to stand up for what they believe in. An example when the Logans teach their children strong work ethnic occurs when Papa explains the importance of owning their land. Cassie considers her father's words as she thinks: For it he would work a long, hot summer pounding steel; Mama would teach and run the farm; Big Ma, in her sixties, would work like a woman of twenty in the fields and keep the house; and the boys and I would wear threadbare clothing washed to dishwasher color; but always, the taxes and mortgage would be paid.(4) Papa's explanation to the family about working hard makes Cassie think about the sacrifices the family will have to make to keep the land. These sacrifices might be hard to make but it will be necessary to keep the land and pay taxes. Another quality is that the Logans care for each other when Stacey stands up for Little Man when Miss Crocker hands out old, dirty, and torn books. Cassie exclaims, "Yes'm, he been reading since he was four. He can't read all them big words, but he can read the columns. See what's in the last row. Please look, Miz Crocker." (18) Cassie's courage to stand up for her little brother is phenomenal. She does so even though she knows she might get whipped. Her bravery shows that she supports the fact that blacks are treated inferior to whites. Miss Crocker at first refuses to look and then she say, "well that's what you are." Miss Crocker is in a state of denial in trying to convince herself that there is no problem with the school. Last, the Loga ns instruct their kids to stand up for what they believe in.

Vet Tech Informative Speech

Veterinary Technicians must have the desire and ability to do it all, from taking blood of a sick family pet to restraining that mopey miniature poodle that has no desire to be at the doctor’s office. Veterinary technicians do it all. If there were a dream career out there for me it definitely would be that of a veterinary technician. To become a certified veterinary technician one must attend a two or three year American Veterinarian Medical Association (AVMA) accredited veterinary technician program.After earning the associate’s degree in the technology program one must then take their state board exam, in the state in which they live so they can license practice. In this exam there are oral, written and practical portions. Currently there are 40 states and provinces that certify and register licensed technicians. Volunteering at a vet clinic is the most rewarding opportunity that one could ever have. I have been volunteering in one for three years.Recently a job oppo rtunity has opened for me to be able to work part time walking dogs, cleaning kennels, administering medications and giving baths as a kennel helper which is a good experience towards my goal to be a veterinary technician. Employment of veterinary technicians is expected to grow 52% from 2010 to 2020. This is much faster than the average for all other occupations. A growing pet population is going to require more people to work in this field. In rural areas job opportunities are expected to be excellent.On average veterinary technician’s make $29,710 per year or $14. 28 per hour. Similar occupations are animal care and service workers, medical and clinical laboratory technologists and technicians, veterinary assistants, and veterinarians. Veterinary technician’s duties that are performed on a daily basis and some of the most important are the preliminary examinations of the patient as well as getting a complete medical history of that patient. This helps the doctor beg in the diagnosis process and what tests they would like to perform on the patient.Some other duties that a veterinary technician performs are caring for hospitalized patients, such as monitoring fluids as well as administering medications around the clock. Other duties that it entails are radiology as well as performing laboratory procedures such as blood work, fecal analyses and urine analyses and ear exams. Veterinary technicians don’t just have to work at an animal hospital. They can also work at certain shelters and humane societies, veterinary supply companies, diagnostic laboratories, and some eterinary technicians work at zoo and wildlife centers. Also, state and national park systems, some cities, and some universities or colleges require the services of veterinary technicians. Whether it’s working at a small animal practice, a large animal practice or even working at a shelter, as long as you are helping animals it is rewarding in my eyes to get them happy and healthy again. Working at a veterinary clinic is enabling me to achieve my education goals, because I am required to shadow a licensed veterinarian or work in a licensed veterinary clinic/hospital.This is a great benefit because my coworkers are always asking me questions and explaining the answers if I do not know them. A lot of the emergencies that come into the clinic are some that I have read in my textbook as well, which helps me better assist the doctor, the patient, and the family. Seeing a variety of problems that animals have that come into the clinic can be difficult especially when they are not able to talk to us and tell us what the problem is. This makes the challenge all the more rewarding when you can see that your knowledge, concern, and expertise has made an animal healthy and its owners happy again.

Native American Cultures, Tribes, and Religion Essay

Even though there are numerous Native American tribes and cultures, they all are mostly derivatives of other tribes. For instance, in the southwest there are large number of Pueblo and Apache people including, the Acoma Pueblo tribe, Apache Chiricahua, Jemez Pueblo, and Apache Western. In this section, largely populated groups in certain regions (northwest, southwest, The Great Plains, northeast, and southeast) religious ideas, practices, and impact on American culture will be discussed. First, the northwestern region, which includes the areas from: the northwestern coast from Oregon to Washington, the Rocky Mountains, and the Cascades Mountains consist of mainly Paiute, Shoshone, and Blackfoot tribes. According to A Native American†¦show more content†¦The Shoshone understand the sun as being a deity, so much so that â€Å"sweating is considered a religious activity† (Pritzker 304). Unlike the Paiute, the Shoshone believe only those who are apart of the religious societies are allowed to heal people, and the role of the individual’s religious activity â€Å"is the acquisition of guardian spirits through prayerful vision quests in remote places† (Pritzker 304). Due to the population and proximity of these three groups they shared vaguely similar ideas of religion, but this region as a whole is know for more than its culture, the tribes residing in this region have left an impact in today’s culture. According to the Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to the World, the Paiute, Shoshone, and Blackfoot tribes in the Northwest region contributed various things to the present-day American culture such as, sign language, Americas first map, insect repellents, oral contraception, and indigestion medication. Even though there numbers have decreased drastically, they impact on America will live forever. 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Power and Liabilities of the Karta - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3323 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Power Essay Did you like this example? Contents Introductionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦3 People eligible to be Kartaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦3 Minor as Karta..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦3 Father as Kartaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.4 Female as Karta before and post 2005à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢ ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.4 Responsibilities of the Kartaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.4 Powers and Liabilities of the Kartaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦5 Power to manage family affairs ..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦5 Powers to receive and use family incomeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦5 Power to manage joint family businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..6 Power to Alienateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..6 Liabilities of accountà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.7 Power and liability to represent in suits à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦7 Power and liability to acknowledge debtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.8 Powers to contract debts for family purposeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦8 Power of Arbitrationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢ ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦8 Power and liability to settle family disputesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦8 Conclusion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦9 Bibliographyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦10 An analysis of Responsibilities, Power and Liabilities of the Karta . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Power and Liabilities of the Karta" essay for you Create order Introduction A joint family is a unique institution under Hindu Law[1]. It is an institute whose members own property by its name, which has many persons as its members, having different rights over the property and also rights and duties towards one another. The Karta is the head and the manager of the joint family and acts on behalf of the family, he holds an important position in the joint family. He has innumerable rights and powers but these powers are not available to the any other coparceners .The paper attempts to discuss about the people who can become a Karta, the change in law post 2005 which included females as Karta and mainly focuses on the responsibilities, power and liabilities of the Karta. People eligible to be Karta The senior most male member is generally assumed to be the Karta of a Hindu joint family[2]. He should be fit to act as the Karta and not suffering from any mental or physical disorder[3]. He is the head of the family and has the custodian of the joint family property. The Karta is the manager of the joint family property but he has certain exclusive powers. The position of the Karta is decided by birth and regulated with seniority[4]. Minor as Karta A minor can act as the Karta and represent the family through guardian[5]. A minor cannot manage the joint family property as long as the Karta is accessible except when the Karta gives up his right explicitly or by vital ramifications or in his absence in extraordinary and unusual circumstances, for example, trouble or disaster influencing the entire family and for supporting the family or where his whereabouts are not known or he is away in a remote place because of unavoidable circumstances and his return inside within a reasonable time could not be expected. In Nopany Investors (Pvt) Ltd v. Santokh Singh[6], the court laid down these guidelines as to when a minor could be a Karta. Father as Karta The father is usually considered as the Karta and in the absence of the father which is not permanent is not enough for the son to become the Karta, if there is no proof to show that the father is in a remote nation or his whereabouts are not known or his return within a reasonable time is out of inquiry. So long as the Karta is alive nobody else on his own could become the Karta, and if the Karta wants to do so, he continues to occupy the representative capacity even when he might not be looking into the family affairs due to reasons of age or health[7]. On his wish to not continue as the Karta, he can explicitly give up this position and with the permission of the other family members, an alternate coparcener can be designated as the Karta even when he might be not the senior most member in line. In any case if there is any clash of permission, the senior most members is assumed to be the Karta. If a younger brother joins the elder brother in a family transaction, that would n ot influence the position of the elder brother as the Karta. In Narendrakumar J. Modi v. Commissioner of Income Tax[8] it was stated that if a younger brother acts as the Karta with the consent of all the other family members during the life time of his elder brother, he is permitted to do so[9]. Females as Karta before and post 2005 To be a Karta, it is required to be a coparcener and since females were not taken as coparcener, she was not permitted to be a Karta nor she was allowed to represent the family. In Income-tax v. Seth Govind Ram[10] it was stated that a female member of a joint family is not entitled to be the Karta and she does not have the power to alienate the joint family property. In Commissioner of Income Tax v. Lakshmi Narang[11] it was held that under certain special circumstances, a female could act as a Karta and her decision would be binding on the family members. After the Amendment Act of 2005, a daughter is a coparcener in the same way as a son. Since she is can be a coparcener, she is qualified for be a Karta. Responsibilities of the Karta The prevalent position of the Karta is filled with many responsibilities. His main responsibility is to provide residence and maintenance to the rest of the family members[12] and to look after the satisfaction of the needs of the other family members. This includes the marriage expenses of all unmarried children and the burial expenses of departed members. He also has the responsibility to protect the family in all prosecution that may be filed against the family or by any member of the family or any outsider. As he deals with the property he has the obligation to pay the entire statutory or other dues of the family like taxes, debts, etc[13]. Powers and Liabilities of the Karta The Karta has certain exclusive powers which are not available to any other family member or coparceners. He has the power of management of all family affairs which are unlimited and he can even decide which member of the family should stay in which portion of the house and also to decide if the family member is eligible to stay in the house or not. He is supposed to receive the family income and decide on which purpose it is supposed to be spent. The Karta also has certain alienation power of the joint family property with the consent of the other coparceners but this power is restricted by certain limitations. He is entitled to maintain all the members of the family. He is liable to disclose the accounts of the family only in case of partition and also to settle family debts and disputes. All these powers and liabilities of the Karta are discussed below. Power to manage family affairs The Karta is the head of the family and has the ability to deal with the family issues and the family property, though his powers to alienate the joint family property is limited, his power to manage the family are absolute[14]. He has the ability to take ownership of the aggregate property and get the joint family income from whichever source it may come. No individual coparcener has the power of exclusive ownership of a particular joint family property or family income without the consent of the Karta. If a coparcener forcefully occupies a particular segment of the joint family property without the permission of the Karta, the Karta has the power to evict him from that property. The Karta also has the power to discard a coparcener of the house, if his bad habits or bad behaviour creates nuisance in the house. The coparcener does not have the power to challenge the Kartaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision, all he could do is seek partition and move out of the family. The Karta has the po wer to decide about the residence of the family members, this decision cannot be challenged on the basis of equity or partiality and he can discriminate members according to his choice. Power to receive and use family income The Karta has the right to get the joint family income for the administration of joint family issues. He also has the power to decide on how this income will be spent. The Karta can use the income for the maintenance and education of the family members or lawful need that would bring profit for the family. He can use the money for providing accommodation to the family members. In C.I.T. v. P.L Karuppan Chettair[15] it was stated that if the Karta inherits a property in his individual capacity, it is treated as his separate property and the incomes arising out of it is not treated as an income of the joint family. In this case, the father separated from his wife and son. The son, his wife and children formed a separate joint family. In due course of time, the father died and the son inherited his property. This property which the son inherited was treated as a property he inherited in his individual property and it was not a part of the joint family property[16]. Power to manage joint family business The Karta is entrusted with the management of the joint family business. He has the liberty to take any decision which will result in the promotion of the joint family business. But he is not permitted to do any act with the joint family business which is for his own personal benefit. In P.S. Sairam v. P. S. Rama Rao[17] the Karta of the joint family used the joint family property for the premises his separate business. It was stated that it was a joint family property and the Karta by no means had the power to use it for his own separate business[18]. Power to Alienate The Karta`s power of alienating the joint family property are restricted and it can only be practiced with the consent of rest of the coparceners. Where the coparcener does not give consent or is unequipped for giving consent being a minor the Karta can alienate the property just for legal necessity[19] or for execution of religious or beneficent purposes or family necessity[20] or when the transaction brings about profit for all members of the family. In such cases, the alienation would be binding on the entire family[21] including minors. In case there is an unauthorized alienation, the coparceners have the power to question the alienation and seek for a decree to cancel it. In Manohar v. Dewan[22] it was stated that an alienation without the consent of all the coparceners which is illegal is void. In Balmukand v. Kamla Wati[23] it has been stated that if all the other adult members refuse to a certain transaction, then no part of the joint family property can be disposed off by the Karta on the ground for the benefit of the family. In Karam Singh v. Nazir Singh[24] ancestral property was in dispute, the Karta and his son formed coparcenary and this alienation was challenged. In Dev Kishan v. Ram Kishan[25] the Karta mortgaged the joint family property for the marriage of his minor children[26]. This debt of the Karta was not considered to be a debt of legal necessity. In Sunil Kumar v. Ram Prakash[27] case, questions were raised that if a coparcener has the power to get a permanent injunction against the Karta to stop him from alienation of the joint family property. It was decided that a coparcener does not have any such right and the only possible remedy available to him is to challenge the alienation. In V. K. Surendra v. V. K. Thimmaiah[28] it was decided that the Karta does not have the power to change the character of the joint family property by transferring it under Will or gift to anyone without the consent of the other coparceners. Liabilities of account The Karta is not bound to keep account on his usage of family funds because it is assumed that he will be acting for the best interest of the family. However where a coparcener seeks partition, he can approach the Karta to provide him the accounts. The Karta has to provide him the accounts in such a situation but the Karta will only be accountable of the date when the coparcener demands partition and not past accounts unless there lays any allegation of fraud, misrepresentation or conversion by the Karta of the joint family property to his own personal property[29]. He is only liable for the existing properties to be divided among the coparceners[30]. In such cases the Karta is bound to show the accounts when partition of the joint family properties is to be effected among all the other members[31]. Power and liability to represent in suits The Karta is assumed to act on behalf of the entire joint family and he has the power to represent the joint family if there is a suit by or against the joint family and when a decree is passed it binds all the members of the joint family even the minors[32]. A suit has to be filled by the family in the name of the Karta or if it is against the family has to be defended by him. In Singriah v. Ramanuj[33] it has been stated that the Karta represents the entire joint family in case of litigations. Power and liability to acknowledge debts The Karta has the power to acknowledge and settle family debts because of the family and also to pay the interests on it. The obligation to pay the debt may have been made by all other members of the family or by the Karta alone on behalf of the family[34]. Also where a loan is made by the Karta by executing a promissory note in his name for a legal reason, such a note ties the other coparceners but only to the limit of their shares unless it could be proved that they were a part of the contract. In Dassappa v. Vedarathamma[35] it was stated that the Karta does not have the power to acknowledge a debt which is time barred. He also has the power to discharge a debt which is due to the joint family. In Rangaswamy v. A. P. Transco[36] it has been stated that the Karta is solely responsible for the debts he has incurred after partition. Powers to contract debts for family purpose The Karta has powers to make debts for utilizing it in the family business[37] or for another legal reason and such a debt ties the share of all other coparceners. A coparcener by means of partition cannot get away from the obligation to settle the debt made by the Karta, from his portion of the property. Such debt contracts bind all the adult coparceners and even the minors. Power of Arbitration The Karta has the power to refer to arbitration in matters involving the interest of the joint family. Where such reference to arbitration or compromise is for the benefit of the family all family members including the minors are bound by it. Power and liability to settle family disputes If there raised an issue between the family members or family members and outsiders, the Karta can enter into a bargain on behalf of the family but not when he would incur some personal benefit. The Karta has the absolute power to settle family disputes in order to bring about peace in the family. He also has the power to discard a family member out of the family if he is found to be behind the disputes in the family. Conclusion The Karta of a Hindu joint family has a position which is superior that the rest of the members. He acts as a manager of the joint family property, takes care of the maintenance of the members of the family, his acts are to be treated as on behalf of the whole family. The Karta of the joint family represents the whole family when a suit is filled by or against the entire family. He is the main working unit of the family and his decisions are mostly binding on the rest of the members of the family. He has various powers as well as responsibilities and liabilities. His power of alienation is only limited by certain restrictions. The Karta is the most important person of a joint family on whom other members are dependent on for various needs like food, shelter, etc. A joint family is a complex entity and the Karta is solely responsible for the proper functioning of the joint family. The numerous powers of the Karta are guided by numerous restrictions to prevent him for wrongful use of his power, with power, responsibilities are also imposed on the Karta. This ensures that the Karta works for the best of the entire joint family. There are plenty of remedies available to the other members to ensure the proper functioning of the Karta. Bibliography Books: Poonam Pradhan Saxena, Family Law Lectures : Family Law II (3rd edn, Lexis Nexis, 2011). Ajai Gaur Gaur, Commentaries on the hindu law (Dwivedi Co, 2007). S K Mitra, Mitra on hindu law: as amended by the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act 2005 (3 rd edn, Orient Publishing, 2010). A G Gupte, The Hindu Succession Act, 1956: as amended by The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act 2005 (Premier Publishing Co, 2006). Ranganath, Mayneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s treatise on hindu law and usage (15th edn. Bharat Law House, 2006). Cases Cited: Suraj Bansi Koer v. Sheo Prasad (1880) 5 Cal 148. Narendrakumar J. Modi v. Commissioner of Income Tax AIR (1976) SC 1953. Nopany Investors (Pvt) Ltd v. Santokh Singh AIR (2008) SC 673.Income-tax v. Seth Govind Ram (1966) SC 2. Commissioner of Income Tax v. Lakshmi Narang (1948) ILR Nag 775. C.I.T. v P.L Karuppan Chettair (1993) Supp (1) SCC 580: (1992) 197 ITR 646. P.S. Sairam v. P. S. Rama Rao AIR (2004) SC 1619: (2004)II SCC 320. Guramma Bhratar Chanbasappa Deshmukh v. Malappa AIR (1964) SC 510. Kandasami v. Somakanda (1912) 35 Mad 117. Manohar v Dewan (1985) P. H. 313. Balmukand v. Kamla Wati AIR (1964) SC 1385. Karam Singh v. Nazir Singh AIR (2003) P H 172. Dev Kishan v. Ram Kishan AIR (2002) Raj 370. Sunil Kumar v. Ram Prakash (1988) SC 576. V. K. Surendra v. V. K. Thimmaiah (2013) 10 SC 211. Damodar Misra v. Banamali Misra AIR (1967) Ori 61. S. Krishnan v. K. Narayana Iyer AIR (1986) Ker 267. Singriah v. Ramanuj AIR 1959 Mys 239 (DB). Rangaswamy v. A. P. Transco (2002) 4 ALT 108. Ram v. Ratan (1931) P.C. 136. Dassappa v. Vedarathamma (1972) Mys 288. 1 | Page [1] Poonam Pradhan Saxena, Family Law Lectures: Family Law II (3rd edn, Lexis Nexis, 2011)143. [2] Ibid. [3] Suraj Bansi Koer v. Sheo Prasad (1880) 5 Cal 148. [4] Ranganath, Mayneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s treatise on hindu law and usage (15th edn. Bharat Law House, 2006)759. [5] Poonam Pradhan Saxena, Family Law Lectures: Family Law II (3rd edn, Lexis Nexis, 2011)144. [6] AIR (2008) SC 673 [7] Poonam Pradhan Saxena, Family Law Lectures: Family Law II (3rd edn, Lexis Nexis, 2011)144. [8] AIR (1976) SC 1953. [9] A G Gupte, The Hindu Succession Act, 1956: as amended by The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act 2005 (Premier Publishing Co, 2006)1405. [10] (1966) SC 2. [11] (1948) ILR Nag 775 [12] Poonam Pradhan Saxena, Family Law Lectures: Family Law II (3rd edn, Lexis Nexis, 2011)147. [13] Poonam Pradhan Saxena, Family Law Lectures: Family Law II (3rd edn, Lexis Nexis, 2011)148. [14] Ibid. [15] (1993) Supp (1) SCC 580: (1992) 197 ITR 646. [16] S K M itra, Mitra on hindu law: as amended by the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act 2005 (3 rd edn, Orient Publishing, 2010)78. [17] AIR (2004) SC 1619: (2004)II SCC 320. [18] Ajai Gaur Gaur, Commentaries on the hindu law (Dwivedi Co, 2007)922. [19] Legal necessity does not mean actual compulsion, it refers to the pressure on the estate which in law can be regarded as serious and sufficient. [20] Guramma Bhratar Chanbasappa Deshmukh v. Malappa AIR (1964) SC 510. [21] Kandasami v. Somakanda (1912) 35 Mad 117. [22] (1985) P. H. 313. [23] AIR (1964) SC 1385. [24] AIR (2003) P H 172. [25] AIR (2002) Raj 370. [26] S K Mitra, Mitra on hindu law: as amended by the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act 2005 (3 rd edn, Orient Publishing, 2010)88. [27] (1988) SC 576. [28] (2013) 10 SC 211. [29] A G Gupte, The Hindu Succession Act, 1956: as amended by The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act 2005 (Premier Publishing Co, 2006)1409. [30] Damodar Misra v. Banamali Misr a AIR (1967) Ori 61. [31] S. Krishnan v. K. Narayana Iyer AIR (1986) Ker 267. [32] A G Gupte, The Hindu Succession Act, 1956: as amended by The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act 2005 (Premier Publishing Co, 2006)1411. [33] AIR 1959 Mys 239 (DB). [34] Poonam Pradhan Saxena, Family Law Lectures: Family Law II (3rd edn, Lexis Nexis, 2011)151. [35] (1972) Mys 288. [36] (2002) 4 ALT 108. [37] Ram v. Ratan (1931) P.C. 136.

Analysis Of Geert Hofstede s Cultural Theory - 1644 Words

Culture influences our expectations of what is appropriate or inappropriate and also learned and reflects the values of a society. It frames our experiences and provides us with patterns of behavior, thinking, feeling, and interacting. In summary, culture affects every prospect of daily life - how we think and feel, how we learn and teach, or what we consider to be beautiful or cross-grained. However, most people are unaware of their own culture until they experience another. In fact, we don t regularly suppose about our culture until somebody violates a culturally-supported expectation or we find ourselves in a situation where we have the feeling that we violated somebody else s cultural expectations, but are inconsonant how. II.†¦show more content†¦He characterized hierarchical society is a thought framework that is generally imparted between authoritative parts. By separating out IBM s overwhelming corporate society from his information on IBM s national auxiliaries, Hofstede had the capacity measurably recognized social contrasts between nations. 1. Power/Distance (PD) This refers to the degree of inequality that exists – and is accepted – among people with and without power. A high PD score indicates that society accepts an unequal distribution of power, and that people understand their place in the system. Low PD means that power is shared and well dispersed. It also means that society members view themselves as equals. 2. Individualism (IDV) This alludes to the quality of the binds individuals need to others inside the group. A high IDV score shows detached associations. In nations with a high IDV score there is an absence of interpersonal association and small imparting of obligations past family and maybe a couple of close companions. A general public with a low IDV score would have solid gathering union and there would be a lot of dependability and appreciation for parts of the gathering. The gathering itself is additionally bigger and individuals assume more liability for one another s well-being. 3. Masculinity (MAS) This alludes to the amount of a general public sticks with and values, customary male and female parts. High MAS scores are found in nations where men are required to be Analysis Of Geert Hofstede s Cultural Theory - 1644 Words Culture influences our expectations of what is appropriate or inappropriate and also learned and reflects the values of a society. It frames our experiences and provides us with patterns of behavior, thinking, feeling, and interacting. In summary, culture affects every prospect of daily life - how we think and feel, how we learn and teach, or what we consider to be beautiful or cross-grained. However, most people are unaware of their own culture until they experience another. 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Binge Drinking Essay Research Paper My report free essay sample

Binge Drinking Essay, Research Paper My study is on the disease orgy imbibing. Binge imbibing is a unsafe imbibing job that many people have. A orgy is defined as five or more alcoholic drinks in one sitting for a adult male, and four for a adult female. Binge imbibing is highly common among American high school and college pupils. In fact, tierce of high school and college pupils admit to a orgy in the last 30 yearss. I think that this high rate is sensible since imbibing is still seen as a popular activity in many colleges as seen in the atrocious accidents in the newspaper or on telecasting. On telecasting shows and in films binge imbibing is seldom shown as a unsafe and atrocious thing. Alcohol is more normally shown with friends, beauty, and enjoyment. I researched a study which said that kids who are surveyed recognize the Budweiser toad motto every bit frequently as they do # 8220 ; Bugs Bunny # 8217 ; s. We will write a custom essay sample on Binge Drinking Essay Research Paper My report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page # 8221 ; Many people today have this job of mistreating intoxicant ; many of them being adolescents. Person can develop this job by get downing a wont of imbibing or alcohol addiction. One drink a dark can take to two. Two drinks a dark can take to three. Three drinks a dark can take to a serious orgy imbibing job. The lone existent manner to transmit this disease is through cistrons. Scientists have known that intoxicant jobs can be hereditary. The babe of this female parent may hold an initial craving for intoxicant and may experience ill without intoxicant in its system. That is why imbibing when you are pregnant can be a really unsafe thing. Binge imbibing will decidedly do the individual to experience without control over his or her organic structure. They will be really giddy and brainsick. This can be unsafe for the drinker and unsafe for the people around him or her. This is why imbibing and drive can be so parlous. Some people have been killed because of a heavy drinker while the drinker walks off unhurt. The effects of orgy imbibing are that as you get more and more obse ssed with intoxicant, there can be many more long term effects. Your organic structure can merely imbibe so much intoxicant. Over clip your liver becomes damaged by lacerate tissue and possibly some other jobs. This is called cerocious. Binge imbibing can besides take to poorness and a loss of occupation. The lone manner to forestall orgy imbibing is by non mistreating intoxicant and imbibing excessively much. To forestall orgy imbibing wholly you must merely non imbibe alcoholic drinks. If you do imbibe every one time and a piece, you will be all right. Equally long as you keep your intoxicant ingestion reasonably low, you won # 8217 ; t acquire liver disease. The lone intervention for this job is to acquire aid on how to halt imbibing. ( and halt imbibing ) After you do this it may be really easy to acquire addicted to alcohol once more so you should likely halt wholly. If you do acquire a liver disease from imbibing, the lone manner to bring around it would be surgery with a replacing liver which may be difficult to happen. I think that parents should to get down directing the message about intoxicant maltreatment early to their childs, and do certain that their kids get the message. They must non merely state that # 8220 ; It # 8217 ; s bad to imbibe # 8221 ; but do certain the childs have an illustration so they don # 8217 ; t make it either. Parents can command their childs determinations. Therefore, it is the parents pick if the child will imbibe alcoholic drinks. I believe that we should hold more help-lines or web sites to aid people with this job. We need to get down learning people about the jeopardies of orgy imbibing when they # 8217 ; re kids, and they need to hear the message often. Orgy imbibing is a atrocious disease that can alter a individual # 8217 ; s whole life in one dark. If people make something to assist people halt gorging it can do a difference in our households # 8217 ; lives. Compact disc read-only memory # 8220 ; Fetal Alcohol Syndrome # 8221 ; Encarta Encyclopedia 2000 CD-ROM. Microsoft. 2000 # 8220 ; Binge Drinking # 8221 ; World Book 1999 CD-ROM. IBM. 1999 Internet Home Page. 14, May 2000